Preventing falls for babies and toddlers 避免孩子跌落傷害

來自澳洲兒科醫學會資訊

https://raisingchildren.net.au/babies/safety/home-pets/preventing-falls

 Key points

·   Falls prevention is about adjusting children’s home and play environments so it’s safe as they grow. Close supervision is also key to safety.

·   Babies can fall from raised surfaces like beds, change tables and high chairs.

·   Children can fall from furniture, windows and balconies and down stairs. Slippery baths are also risky.

·   This guide has detailed tips for minimising falls risks in your home.

About falls and falls prevention

In Australia falls are the most common cause of injuries in every age group. As babies and children start moving around more, they’re more likely to have falls and bumps.

Injuries to children often happen when you don’t expect it, because children grow and develop new skills so quickly.

The best thing you can do to keep your child safe is to watch the new skills your child is learning, and the new places they can reach and get to – and then adjust your environment to suit.

Falls are part of the normal growing process. Most falls lead only to bumps and bruises, but they can sometimes lead to a trip to the doctor or hospital.

# Furniture: preventing falls

If your baby is on a surface like a change table or bed, always keep a hand on baby. As your baby grows, you might not even know they can roll over until they roll off the bed or another piece of furniture. So it’s safest to change your baby on the floor.

If you use a bouncer for your baby, always put it on the floor when your baby is in it. Don’t put it on a table top or anywhere else above floor level. An active baby might move a bouncer and make it fall off a table top.

As your child grows, keep furniture away from other objects in the room. This will stop your child climbing from one piece to another, or climbing up high on shelving. Put the things your child wants to reach down low so they’re less tempted to try climbing up the furniture.

As a last resort, you can move furniture to a part of the house your child doesn’t use, or put a secure barrier in place so they can’t get to it.

At home and when you’re out and about, prevent falls from high chairs by always using the chair’s five-point harness. Likewise, make sure you use the five-point harness in prams and supermarket trolleys.

# Windows and balconies: preventing falls

Many Australian children are treated in hospital each year after falling from windows and balconies. These falls often happen at home and can cause serious injury or death.

You can do a lot of things at home to prevent falls from windows and balconies and around glass doors:

·         Lock windows or shield them with window guards so your child can’t fall out. In a multistorey house, make sure you can lock windows with a gap of no more than 10 cm. Flyscreens aren’t strong enough to stop your child from falling.

·         Move objects and furniture away from windows because children love to climb up to see outside. You might need to move things like beds, chairs, change tables and pot plants.

·         Make glass doors and full-length windows visible by placing stickers at a child’s eye level.

·         Keep entrances to balconies locked. Always supervise small children on balconies.

·         Install safety guards across balcony entries, and make sure there are no horizontal bars or footholds children could use to climb on.

·         Keep balcony furniture away from railings to prevent children climbing up and over the railings.

·         Make sure balcony railings are vertical and at least 1 m high. The gaps between railings should be no wider than 12.5 cm.

# Steps and stairs: preventing falls

Once your baby can crawl, it’ll be hard to keep baby away from steps and stairs.

Install safety gates at the top and bottom of stairs and keep them in place until your child is very good at walking up and down stairs independently. And always open the gate rather than stepping over it. Opening the gate sets a good example for children and reduces your own risk of tripping.

Not all gates are safe to use at the top of stairs. Read and follow the manufacturer’s instructions to make sure you have the right gate and it’s installed safely.

# Bathroom: preventing falls

The bath is a very slippery place, and even adults can fall quite easily. Here are some ways to minimise the risks:

·         Always keep your child within arm’s reach.

·         Encourage your child to stay sitting down in the bath.

·         Use a non-slip bath mat if your bath doesn’t have a non-slip surface.

# Bedroom: preventing falls

In the bedroom, remove toys from the cot so your child can’t use them to climb on and then fall out of the cot.

Also, toys, cot bumpers, pillows and doonas can increase the risk of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) (including SIDS and fatal sleeping accidents). The safest option for babies of all ages is not to have any toys in the cot.

Note that only children aged over nine years should use bunk beds. The top bunk should have a safety rail.

Move, put away or lock up anything that might be unsafe for your child to climb, or that your child can use to get to unsafe places.

@ Falls prevention: removing trip hazards

Look for trip hazards on the floor and remove them. For example:

·         Pick up rugs and electrical cords.

·         Put away toys at the end of the day so all family members can go to the toilet at night without tripping over them.

·         Wipe up spills as soon as they happen – they can make the floor slippery.

·         Use anti-skid mats under your rugs and floor coverings, or roll rugs away.

@ Things that influence injuries from falls

There are three important things that can influence the seriousness of a fall:

·         The height children fall from: the lower the height, the lower the danger. Children under five years shouldn’t have access to heights over 1.5 m, and older children shouldn’t have access to heights over 2 m.

·         The surface children might fall onto: hard surfaces like concrete, ceramic tiles and even compacted sand are more hazardous to fall onto than softer surfaces. A bed of tan-bark or pine mulch under play equipment provides a softer landing. These beds must be at least 30 cm deep.

·         The things children might hit as they fall: put sharp-edged furniture like coffee tables and bedside tables in areas where children are unlikely to fall on them. You can also use corner protectors on the edges.

Child safety experts recommend that you don’t use baby walkers. Baby walkers can cause serious injuries. For example, if a baby walker tips over or falls down stairs, children can suffer head and other serious injuries like fractures. Find out more about baby walkers in our safe baby furniture checklist.